Robert Lee Frost Was An American Poet English Literature Essay Essay Example

Robert Lee Frost Was An American Poet English Literature Essay Essay Robert Lee Frost, named after his male parents idol Robert E. Lee, was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California. He was born to William Prescott Frost Junior and Isabelle Moodie Frost. William and Isabelle had met while working as instructors to a little school in Lewiston, Pennsylvania. The two were married March 18, 1875 and settled in San Francisco, California. William was a journalist, unsuccessful politician, and teacher while Isabelle was besides teacher. Isabelle was an immigrant of Scots line of descent while William was descended from New England lineage. William s male parent, Robert Lee Frost s gramps, was Nicholas Frost who had come to New Hampshire on board the Wolfana from Tiverton, Devon, England in 1634. William was the eldest of the twosome who gave birth to his younger sister, Jeanie, two old ages subsequently. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Lee Frost Was An American Poet English Literature Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Lee Frost Was An American Poet English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Lee Frost Was An American Poet English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although satisfied with their little household, multiple complications, both physical and emotional began to strive Isabelle and William s matrimony. William was an bizarre alky with really eccentric inclinations and curious penchants. He was a loud, authoritarian journalist who ever carried a rifle ; it was noted that he besides kept an obscene jar of pickled bull testiss in apparent position on his work desk. Frost s female parent was the polar antonym of her hubby but non in a positive facet. Isabelle was an improbably soft spoken adult female who was invariably combating her overpowering depression. The twosome s different personalities caused much nervous tenseness and strife during their old ages of matrimony. These contentions in their matrimony caused an addition in William s already inordinate intoxicants intake which led to his unfortunate decease in 1885 from TB when Robert was twelve. William had stated, prior to his ill-timed decease that he wished to be buried in his pl ace of birth of Massachusetts. Wishing to carry through his concluding petitions, Isabelle moved with Robert and Jeanie across the provinces and settled in her late hubby s hometown of Lawrence, Massachusetts with his parents. After paying off her late hubby s debts and traveling in with his parents, Isabelle began learning in-between school in Salem, New Hampshire. Robert and Jeanie were pupils at the in-between school where their female parent educated. The household adjusted appropriately to their different life. Isabelle and Robert even became a member of the Swedenborgian church although the latter left as an grownup. It was around this clip that Robert discovered his abilities as a author. While go toing Lawrence High School, Robert promoted his first two efforts at literature in the school newssheet. Although non widely reviewed, his two verse forms provided a foundation to his hereafter in literature. In 1892, Robert graduated from Lawrence High School as co-valedictorian to his schoolmate Elinor White. Robert registered for Dartmouth College after graduating from Lawrence High School. Robert s college experience was stopped suddenly after less than a semester when he un-enrolled to happen work elsewhere. Queerly, he was enrolled long plenty to be accepted into Theta Delta Chi fraternity. After his un-enrollment, he found income in making many little occupations. He began working as a newspaper bringing male child, a light bulb fibril modifier, a labour mill worker, and as a instructor at the school where his female parent taught. Although these occupations brought in a little beginning of income, they left him experiencing unrealized. Robert knew that his true passion was in his poesy. Robert was non merely unsuccessful in his poetic ends, but he was non making really good romantically either. Ever since their graduation in 1892, Robert had been seeking to capture fellow co-valedictorian Elinor White. Although Robert was really sincere in his love he was still rejected by Elinor. On one case he had tried to win her over by offering her a book of his poesy. She was evidently non really impressed because she turned him down one time once more. Feeling burdened by his occupation loss, college ejection, and romantic failures Robert was surrounded by wretchedness. He had been unsuccessful at printing any nice poesy. Besides he was still unable to obtain the love of Elinor White. Recognizing at that place was non much for him in his current state of affairs he strove to do a alteration. He packed a few minor necessities and took a trip down south to Dismal Swamp located around the North Carolina-Virginia country. Dismal Swamp, despite its rugged home ground and unwelcoming name, was a often visited by a assortment of people. Many poets would see this topographic point for thoughts in order to do poetry bosom interruption and love strivings. Robert went at that place in the hopes of holding a similar experience. Originally Robert had the hopes of perpetrating self-destruction as a dramatic terminal to his life, but he was stopped by a opportunity brush. He came upon a group of duck huntsmans and exhausted clip with their group. The clip he spent with them gave him a new mentality on life. After disbursement clip with the duck huntsmans he blessed with a train ticket by his female parent and returned place. He did non enter what really happened in the swamp, but most of the events were noted in his verse form Kitty hawk . This trip to the Dismal Swamp seemed to hold had some consequence. After his return from Dismal Swamp, Robert had his first verse form published. The Independent, a New York newspaper, was the 1 who published his first piece, My Butterfly . Not merely was his professional life get downing but he was holding a better romantic life every bit good. He proposed matrimony to Elinor one time once more and this clip she accepted but she wished to acquire her grade from St. Lawrence University before matrimony. He had begun to go to Harvard University and while there he and Elinor were married December 19, 1895. For the following two old ages, he studied broad humanistic disciplines but after experiencing restless he dropped out and sought to happen a better life for him and Elinor. Prior to his decease, Robert s gramps had left an old farm for Robert in his will. The farm was located in Derry, New Hampshire and it was here where Robert and Elinor started their household.

The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho

The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho The book, The Alchemist, can be described as a metaphor of life. It is funny how dreams can mould a person’s life. It is a paradox such that people consider other lifestyles as better than theirs thereby striving to get that life that belongs to other cultures, through that lives are transformed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dreams can also be seen as the driving forces behind an individual’s life, they bring about desires that mould an individual’s destiny because through them, then fate ceases to be the determinant of happenings in an individual’s life time. Santiago, a young shepherd, the main character in the story The Alchemist is portrayed by Paulo Coelho, as a go getter to some extent. He repeatedly gets a dream that haunts him and pushes him to follow it and thus his expedition in the story; he wants to achieve that dream (Coelho 34). Santiago gets the simple lessons of life of believing in the signs that one gets in life, even if it is just through dreams and following them till he achieves them. The crossing of cultures leads him to following his dreams which he finally achieves. The boy, Santiago is driven to search for the hidden treasure in Egypt making him cross many countries and even the wide Sahara desert whereby he meets different characters, both deceitful and truthful who shape his life, the same way the young Chinese man and other international students cross the borders to get to Melbourne to study, their treasure in this context, education. When the young man shows up in the author’s office with scratchy English (Coelho 45), it is evident that there is a bit of transformation from his past self to his present self. The young Chinese appreciated the author’s message that she had given him the first day he visited her office because she says so. In the same sprit of a ppreciation, the boy Santiago appreciated the advice given to him in the story which leads him to acquire the treasure that he set out to look for. For instance he gives the old man a share of his sheep, that is, a tenth of his flock and promises to give a tenth of his treasure to the old woman. The Chinese student on the other hand brings the tutor a painting of a well embroidered Chinese woman (Coelho 61). This therefore gives the importance of appreciating those who help us in our endeavors to acquire our different treasures in life.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through the harsh experiences that he faces, the boy learns the value of being strong, patient, and persistent and being a hard working person. Regardless of the setbacks that he encounters a long the way, he does not give up. Just like Rachael, no potential was seen in her as a nurse, she was disco uraged by her tutors that she could not make it as a children’s nurse, but her so many visits to the Occupational Health Department which convinced the tutors that she was capable of becoming a nurse saw her through (Coelho 25). It took a year to convince them, and about fifteen visits and in the long run she was allowed to take up the career path that she had dreamt of and desired to do. Her desire and persistence to follow her dream made her accomplish her heart desires. Following a dream can sometimes seem too hard and expensive but the determination in it tells all about the conviction that one has. The boy in the story The Alchemist is portrayed by Coelho as humble and a brave character. The king tells him that when he wants something, the world will always conspire to help him achieve it, and now that he wants to get the treasure then he is going to get it as long as he is ready to face the challenges (Coelho 24). The challenges he faces in foreign lands can be likened to the challenges faced by those living in the outer suburbs of Melbourne. We are told that the further one lives away from the city, the more harsh life is for them because life there is a bit depressing and that there is little or even no amenities at all. The public transport system is also poor. The kinds of houses that are there are in a sorry state just like street lights are not in proper functioning conditions. Fitting into a new culture can be demoralizing more especially after relocation to a new place, but regardless of this, accepting the prevailing conditions in order to achieve one’s heart desires is reason enough to go on, the international students face problems of housing but with perseverance they the can achieve their ultimate goals and desires. The boy Santiago takes up every opportunity that comes his way, he wallows through so much problems that he encounters along his path of getting to the treasure, he worked hard towards his destiny because no problem was too big for him to deal with. We find that dreaming is one thing and following that dream is another, Rachael had a dream of becoming a nurse, she felt that she really needed to give back to the community and serve the people who had made a great difference in her life and that is why she really wanted to be a children’s nurse, she was laughed at told on several occasions that it was never going to happen because a nursing course was not suitable for her and that she was fit to a desk job (Coelho 25).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, her desire to follow her dream was the driving force that led her to achieving it in the long run. Had she given up a long the way due to the words of discouragement from even her tutors she could not have become a voice to reckon to the parents of the sick children that she attended to at the Childr en’s Out-patient Department (Coelho 25). In the story, we are also brought to a level ground where freedom to choose what one wants to do should be embraced and given room to drive us. Freedom is the ability for one to do what he or she likes and that entails following one’s heart. Through this one is capable of exploiting his or her own potentialities and doing something that is self fulfilling, if one is made to do something that dictates his or her destiny in a forceful way then the end results will always be bitter. The boy chooses to travel the world because this is his inner calling other than studying theology and becoming a priest. He enjoys the life of adventure and travelling to new places. On her part, Rachael could have been forced to do a desk job because of her health something that she could have done regretfully thereby ending up a slave in a career path that on the contrary should have brought her inner peace and happiness. The boy was allowed to follo w his heart which led him later on to acquire his life experiences that are worthwhile, even more than he could have achieved material treasures. The challenges faced by adapting to a new culture can some times be too much to bear, but how ready is a person to bear with the challenges that come with it? At the same time, it can be hard to make a dream a reality but how persistent that can one be to catch up with that dream (Coelho 89)? Both parties therefore should equip themselves with the communication gear which most definitely is the vehicle that will enable one to get to his or her destiny. The individual will get room to express him/her self thereby appreciating each other as well as compromising with each other’s feelings where possible, that way the joy of learning will have come into play. Once a dream has been hatched then the determination and persistence that will be employed in making it a reality is what will determine whether it is going to be the destiny of an individual and that is what brings in the difference between destiny and fate. Though not sure of his destiny, he strives to get it no matter the challenges, and his life experiences show that everyone needs to work hard to achieve success, one need to strive for the good things in life. This simply inspires people to put effort in order to achieve our goals, for one to make his or her dreams become a reality, he or she is not just gong to sit there and wait for dreams to fall into place, one needs to risk the good things in life in order to achieve better ones (Coelho 100).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coelho simply intends to bring to our attention that if one dreams and wishes for something then one should be persistent about it and be patient for long enough, one might loose an opportunity by getting tired at the last minute and give up so easily, and see the fruits after somebody else has achieved the fruits of our long suffering. Just like Santiago ones wishes can come in both material objects and life experiences, as for the case of Santiago, his journey to the Pyramids in Egypt, is his treasure. Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist. New York. Harpertorch. 1993. pp. 1 – 163.

Empolyee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Empolyee relations - Essay Example However, as the marketplace became sophisticated and costs continue to increase, which had posed some threat to the companys operations, Modern Foods Limited had to check its strategy and revise its old policies in order to adapt to change. Some of these policies include those of human resource functions. In order to compete during these harsher times, the company must turn to its employees as a source of competitive advantage in the process. According to the case, Modern Foods Limited started as a small family firm that sold sausages and other poultry products in East Anglia. As the company had evolved and was acquired by the holding company IVECTO, no major changes in terms of the companys operations had been made in terms of incorporating technology in the companys human resource management function. According to the companys history, this could be traced back to IVECTOs passive handling of the affairs of the company that it had acquired. Although Modern Foods Limited had been acquired by this holding company, IVECTO was not active in terms of management. This meant that the old practices and processes in the old company, as long as it was making IVECTO some profits in terms of targets would remain unchanged, or at least major changes were not incorporated. Without any driving force behind the change and incorporation of technology in the human resource function of Modern Foods Limited, as stated in the case, the Human Resource function among sites were not linked and integrated into one corporate network to facilitate the communications between production units. This could be largely due to the companys management history which was not affected by the acquisition process. In assessing the case, it can be seen that the company had faced relatively little market pressure in the past, as it was able to expand smoothly to major markets within the UK and some other markets in Europe. Because market pressure was low, there was little incentive for the company to

Controversial Images in Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversial Images in Art - Assignment Example Something about the crucifix itself is that Christians treat it like a fashion accessory. When somebody sees it, he or she is horrified by it. However, in the real sense, it represents the crucifixion of a man. This controversial photo is not recommended for public displays. Being a photo that displays genitals, in can be viewed by children when displayed in public. Therefore, its display in public places would corrupt children’s minds. In addition, they can grow up having a poor spiritual mentality since they have seen a photographic display of Christ’s genitals. With many attacks made on the photo in public places, this photo is not good for public displays. Many Christians find the photo deeply offensive. For instance, Serrano’s work led to a congressional debate on United States’ public arts funding, which was held in France. During the debate, the photo was physically attacked. Also, a group of Catholics who gathered outside Edward Tyler Nahem gallery in midtown Manhattan opposed this work when the exhibition was opened (Chapman). According to Chapman, artists communicate identity through abstract or conceptual means. It therefore means that it is the responsibility of the artist to communicate through conceptual means such as photographs. Despite, using this means of communication, it should not trigger controversy among the intended audience. The artist needs to avoid using a photo that exposes nudity since the photo may lead moral decay among children who get to it. In addition, ethics should dictate what the artist does. He should be obliged not to knowing or unknowingly insult Christianity as a religion. It is also his utter responsibility not to create irrational beliefs in other religions. Making people believe in other things about their religion is a big danger to the religion they believe in (Chapman). The photo is

University of Never Land Athletic Department Assignment

University of Never Land Athletic Department - Assignment Example To financial experts, it is important to reduce the gap between the projected budgets with the actual budget so that you avoid the financial crisis in the end. This is to avoid the idea of going beyond the limit covered by the taxpayers on the money spent on athletics by the university (Brit & Turner2010).To maintain a clear budget for the University of Never Land athletic budget at a recommendable level, you need to keep updated records on all the expenditures and the revenues circulation within any fiscal year. It is important for financial managers to check on the revenues generated from the sports activities and allocate its use appropriately to avoid more stress on taxpayers’ money for the university. The department needs to incorporate qualified personnel to aid in expenditure allocation and revenue keeping to keep the athletics of the university lively (Brit & Turner2010). The budgets for the next five years need to be projected analytically to be in line with economic changes that can come about. The budget needs to be one that will relate expenditure to revenues that will be expected from the athletics. Below is a projected budget for the next five financial years dating 2015 to 2020 for the University of Never Land Athletic Department. By following the estimates and set by the department, you need to spend the funds available in an accountable manner as a financial officer to enable availability of funds for emergency cases. The estimates will give a clear guide to what is expected to be realized in future for athletic activities in the institution. The internal auditors need to be open and critical when analyzing the books of account of the department to ensure that the officials involved spend funds in the right manner.

What Impact did the Conquest have on Aztec Society?

What Impact did the Conquest have on Aztec Society? The discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was the catalyst for change that had been long awaited in European society. After hundreds of years of living in Asias shadow, the sun was finally rising over Europe and their newly conquered land. But we mustnt forget that the New World was not necessarily new to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. By the time Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s arrived in Mexico, the Aztecs had already established a society that had been successfully functioning for many years, complete with a teeming capital that rivaled European cities. However, the Spanish were able to decapitate their society and permanently change it. Simultaneously, they were able change the way society functioned in their homeland in Europe. But how did the Spanish accomplish the conquest of the Aztec Empire and what happened after they did? The discovery and conquest of the Aztec empire, while beneficial to European society in both the New and Old World, leaves Aztec societ y decapitated and virtually unrecognizable The fall of the Aztec empire to Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and his army was the necessary first step in controlling this area of the Americas. Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s, a Spaniard on an unsanctioned expedition landed on the coast of Mexico in early1519, was searching for the rumored gold and great cities of Mexico.  [1]  He arrived in the city of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, later that year.  [2]  At this time in the early 16th century, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, boasting a population of over 200,000 people.  [3]  According to records, the Spanish were dazzled by the city and had never seen anything like it before.  [4]  The Aztec empire as a whole, run by an emperor named Montezuma, had authority over 5 million people in the area that is now known as Mexico.  [5]  Cortà ©s first attempt to conquer the Aztecs failed miserably and he was quickly forced to retreat. However, he returned in 1521with indigenous allies from surroundi ng areas and was able to decapitate their society. He did this by exploiting cultural and political weaknesses of the empire. First of all, the Aztecs were not accustomed to traditional European warfare. Their fighting had always been ceremonial, not for bloodshed. The Europeans were merciless in their efforts to conquer the empire. Secondly, Cortà ©s disrupts the political structure of the empire very quickly by defeating Montezuma. The Aztecs were highly dependent upon their hierarchal structure, and without an emperor, they were unable to effectively organize resistance.  [6]  They were left in a state of chaos and were finally forced to surrender to the conquistadors after 3 months of warfare.  [7]  For the Aztecs, this surrender to the Spanish meant the permanent loss of their political and cultural society. The Spanish did not just deal a mortal blow to the political structure and culture of Tenochtitlan; they also wiped thousands of its residents off the face of the planet. This, however, was not intentional. The Aztecs had never been exposed to European diseases such as influenza and smallpox, and therefore were extremely susceptible to these illnesses. Smallpox was particularly contagious and deadly. Using the Spaniards as a vessel, it killed over 80 percent, which was approximately 11 million people, of the original population of Tenochtitlan.  [8]  It is difficult to fathom how the Aztecs felt as they watched millions of people die around them in an inexplicable manner. The psychological effect was inevitably devastating.  [9]  This demographic collapse further weakened the empire and left it more susceptible to European control and exploitation. If the destruction of the political structure had not been enough to conquer the Aztec Empire, such an overwhelming loss of the o riginal population did. The fall of the Aztec empire, while a devastation to its indigenous people, was a significant achievement for Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and his army of conquistadors. After bringing Tenochtitlan to the ground, the Europeans assumed the responsibility of power in the area, which meant they needed to construct a new legal framework. Spains new viceroyalty was appropriately named New Spain and its capital was called Mexico City.  [10]  The Spanish crown appointed Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s governor and established a system much like feudalism that had been seen in earlier European society. In the encomienda system, conquistadors were given land and labor, and in return they had to house the indigenous people and provide them with a Christian education.  [11]  This system did not work as effectively as originally planned. Since the Spanish crown was across the ocean, it was not able to enforce the system. In many cases, the Spanish treated the Aztecs as slaves. In hopes of expanding European society into the area, the indigenous people ultimately lost their religion, their culture, their freedom, and their dignity under this system. Promoting religion in the New World was not only a way for Europeans to legitimize their conquests, but it was a way for them to spread their ideas and exert control in the New World.  [12]  Former religious institutions of the Aztec Empire were considered blasphemy to the Spanish Christians, and by 1521 the Spanish had destroyed 600 temples and 20,000 idols. Outnumbered, the indigenous peoples adopted Christianity without much hesitation.  [13]  The Spanish did make efforts to incorporate Aztecan aspects into the new religious society. They allowed indigenous peoples to be a part of the administrative structure of the church. They also replaced traditional church costumes with Spanish garments.  [14]  Just like in Europe, Christianity became an integral part of society in New Spain. Back in the old world, people heard stories of the magnificent conquest of Mexico and developed a desire to go to the New World. This was a good thing, especially following the depletion of 80% of the original population of Tenochtitlan (lecture).  [15]  This introduction of people from the old world created a society of new ethnic diversity. There were the two original groups of people: the Spanish and the indigenous Aztecs. From the earliest interactions between these groups, Spanish males and Aztecan women bred and created a new breed of people called the mestizo (Darwin 64). The Spanish eventually introduced African slaves into society as a source of labor, and they bred with the Spanish and the Aztecs to and developed the mulatto community (Darwin 64).  [16]  This interbreeding created a hierarchal society based upon race, with the Spanish whites, or criolles on top. The new creole society in New Spain was a direct consequence of the European conquest of Aztec society, f or it never would have transpired without them. The Spanish encountered a plethora of new resources in New Spain, but the one good they valued above all others was mineral wealth. The presence of gold and silver in the New World was one of the strongest factors that encouraged colonization (Darwin 63). The discovery of huge supplies of silver at Zacatecas in the Mexico area impacted the New World, the Old World, and beyond (Darwin 63).  [17]  Firstly, it allowed for the development of technologies. Silver has to be purified when it is mined, and the mercury required for purification came from Iberia and Croatia. The lighting in the silver mines is provided by candles made from the fat of cattle. Labor comes from the indigenous inhabitants. When the bullion is shipped over to Europe, it truly makes a huge impact on society. A radical increase in monetization is seen. (lecture)  [18]  . When Asians hear of this, they demand that they become a part of trade. It changed the way in which the Europeans interacted with the Asians . Prior to this, the Europeans tiptoed around the edges of the Asian continent and were seen as nothing but pests. (Darwin pg 59).  [19]  Silver becomes the first truly global commodity. The discovery of silver allows for European expansion into the east and the west, impacting the societies of Europe, Asia, and the Aztecs simultaneously. We mustnt forget how the conquest of the Aztec Empire influenced society across the Atlantic Ocean in the Old World. The discovery of the Americas as a whole challenged the worldviews of European society and exposed them to new natural history and geography. Maps played a major role in 16th century Europe. During this century we see the emergence of the Waldseemuller maps in 1507, which have become known as the birth certificate of America (exhibit).  [20]  Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s also creates a map, this one of his conquered city of Tetnochtitlan. He sends it to Europe and it becomes the first depiction Europeans see of their newly acquired land. And, according to scholar Barbara E. Mundy, the map assumed a symbolic function in supporting Cortà ©ss just conquest of the Amerindian empire. (article)  [21]  In addition to maps, books and art became popular ways of depicting the New World for those who lived thousands of miles away. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, an infantry man of Cort à ©s, wrote about his adventures in New Spain. He tells the story of myself and my comrades, all true conquerors, who served His Majesty in the discovery, conquest, pacification, and settlementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦of New Spain (exhibit).  [22]  This collection of anecdotes is a classic, even today. The maps, books, and paintings that came from the Old World painted a picture of the New World for European society, enriching their knowledge and enhancing their worldviews. In discussing the impact of the discovery and conquest of the Aztec empire on both American and European societies, one must understand that Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s and his conquistadors ultimately destroyed a once flourishing and dazzling Aztec Empire in hopes of expanding that of the Europeans. This was very clearly a win-lose situation that favored the Europeans. The once great Aztec society was quickly robbed of its culture, religion, and a large majority of its indigenous peoples, and was left with no hope of regaining it. Ultimately, there was no Aztec society left after 1521. It was merely a new European society founded upon the skeleton of the former empire. After the decapitation of the Aztecs, the conquistadors brought in their religion and new political structure and imposed it upon the few remaining indigenous peoples. Tecnotichlan became virtually unrecognizable, both by name and by the new creole society. Back in Europe, the continent was benefitting from the knowledge and goods brought back from the New World. As tragic as the situation may sound for the Aztecs, discoveries and conquests like this happened quite frequently during this time period. It should not be forgotten that Europeans, while an emerging dominant world power during this time period, did not necessarily get there by honest and diplomatic means.

Polishness of Polish Art. Essays -- Art, Żmijewski’s Art

In polish art after year 2000 there is a lot more interest in history, especially topics related to World War II, Holocaust , Polish-German and Polis-Jewish relations as well as modern history like PRL times and libertanian impulse . Interest about history in Polish Art is not a new phenomenon. The early postwar art was related to war time trauma. But in art after year 2000 new occurance can be observed: interest in concrete historical facts is less important than questioning about history, about how it is constructed, what is is used for, how it is used, as well as how history is mixed with fiction and how it functions in our vision. This creative idea about construction of historical facts and its use in todays reality can be specify as a dehistoricize (in analogy to term deconstructure) in Izabela Kowalczyk’s opinion (Kowalczyk, 2008). She argue that art of dehistoricize shows up as an alive discourse, which is taking place – paradocsycally – now. As Jacques Derrida indicated, prefix de- may mean an appeal to genesis and not destruction (Magliola, 1984 :89) as is the case of art of dehistoricizing and the process of constructing history itself. „Art of dehistoricizing makes history alive, recalling ghosts of the pastâ€Å" (Kowalczyk, 2008). The basis of it is what is happenning now (art piece, exhibition) and the result of what happened are historical facts. This act of dehistoricizing art is a contrast to what dominated polish art scene in early nineties. Critical art was focusing on the study of entanglement entity, the experience of corporal punishment, on the problems of another, or the ubiquity of power in Michel Foucault’s understanding (Foucault, 2000). He is inscribing nature of history between freedom and control, whic... ...ybrid, mutant, bound intimately with life and death, with time and eternity, enveloped in a Mobius strip of the collective and the individual,...â€Å" (Nora, 1989:20). So I understand through this, that process of lieux de memoire, the fragments of history are assigned into the postmemory of the author and the viewer. As Ewa DomaÅ„ska is pointing into individual memory in collective memory of symbols, icons, cultural and historical toposes, which were replicated and preserved in the social conciousness, through it;s constant reproduction in encyclopedias, handbooks, newspapers, films, etc. Exactly through those icons, our society sees past, they are becoming memory markers, and where they are recalled through our memory they straight away relate to solid events (DomaÅ„ska, 2006). Thus Spiegelman’s father personal memories are no longer personal, they become collective.